The fate of the 1956 Hungarian uprising

 From Heroic Resistance to Silent Repression

The Hungarian Uprising of 1956 stands as one of the most defining and tragic moments in modern Hungarian—and European—history. While the uprising is often remembered as having been crushed on 4 November 1956, the story of Hungary’s fight for freedom did not end that day. What followed was another week of desperate armed resistance, and months of political defiance and civil disobedience, before the country was finally silenced by force.

The Second Soviet Invasion: 4–11 November 1956

In the early hours of 4 November, Soviet tanks rolled once again into Budapest. The Kremlin’s goal was clear: to extinguish the revolution and install a loyal puppet government under János Kádár. The initial assault overwhelmed the first lines of Hungary’s regular armed forces, but the resistance was far from over.

Despite their overwhelming military superiority, the Soviets struggled to establish full control. Freedom fighters—armed with little more than pistols and Molotov cocktails—continued their fight in the streets of Budapest. Due to the fierce and sporadic resistance, Kádár’s government could not even assume office in the capital. For several days, it remained in Szolnok, and when it finally moved to Budapest, its members were brought in under Soviet protection and kept practically under house arrest.

The Presidential Council of the Hungarian People’s Republic did not officially appoint the new government until 12 November. Until that moment, Imre Nagy—the reformist prime minister who had led the revolutionary government—remained the de jure head of state, refusing to resign even under intense Soviet pressure.

The fighting that followed was chaotic and courageous. Soviet forces launched an all-out offensive on 5 November, targeting key strongholds like the Corvin Passage—a symbol of resistance in central Budapest. The freedom fighters, though hopelessly outgunned, managed to repel the first wave. Across the capital and beyond, resistance cells held out in places such as Széna Square, Tűzoltó Street, and the industrial city of Dunaújváros.

The strongest resistance came from Csepel Island, Budapest’s industrial heart, where workers’ militias staged a remarkable counterattack on 7 November. Yet after relentless shelling and bombing, Csepel fell around 11 November, marking the end of organized military resistance. The guns fell silent, but the will to resist did not.

The Civil Resistance: Workers’ Councils and Silent Protest

After the collapse of armed struggle, the revolution took on a new form. Across the country, workers’ councils—democratically elected bodies formed in factories and workplaces—became the backbone of political resistance. They called for general strikes, coordinated production, and maintained the revolutionary spirit well into December.

In Budapest, the Greater Budapest Central Workers’ Council led the charge, while professional groups such as the Hungarian Writers’ Union and the Revolutionary Committee of Hungarian Intellectuals joined in solidarity. On 23 November, a silent protest brought the capital to a standstill—even public transport stopped.

The resistance continued through symbolic acts. On 4 December, Hungarian women marched silently through Budapest, in what became known as the Women’s March, a powerful and peaceful expression of defiance against Soviet occupation and the puppet regime.

Meanwhile, in smaller towns and rural areas, revolutionary councils—local governing bodies formed during the uprising—continued to function despite Kádár’s official decrees disbanding them. In some places, they even attempted to reverse the most unjust policies of the previous Stalinist era, including forced collectivization.

The Kádár government, despite its official installation, could not effectively control the country until the end of the year. Negotiations with the workers’ councils failed, as Kádár struggled to balance between appeasing Moscow and maintaining a semblance of legitimacy at home. His authority was also challenged by the still-functioning Nagy government, whose members had sought refuge in the Yugoslav Embassy, and by reformist Communists who openly supported Nagy.

The Reign of Terror: Crushing the Revolution

By late November, negotiations had collapsed. Pressured by Moscow and threatened by the possibility of renewed rebellion, Kádár abandoned any pretence of reform. Soviet and Hungarian forces turned their guns on the population. Peaceful demonstrators were fired upon in several cities, the most infamous case being the Salgótarján massacre, where Soviet troops and Communist militiamen opened fire on a crowd of thousands demanding the release of political prisoners.

Imre Nagy, still refusing to resign, was arrested and deported to Romania. Martial law was imposed. Leaders of the workers’ councils and other revolutionary bodies were rounded up and imprisoned. Although isolated acts of defiance continued into December, by January 1957, organized resistance had been extinguished.

Kádár’s regime consolidated its power through terror. The newly formed Workers’ Militia, a paramilitary force loyal to the government, was unleashed to intimidate the population. The Communist Party declared the “October events” to be a counter-revolution, rewriting history to justify its brutality.

Show trials followed. Approximately 400 people were executed, around 20,000 imprisoned, and many thousands more interned without trial. A mass exodus began—some 200,000 Hungarians fled westward, seeking freedom in Europe and beyond.

Aftermath: Silent Defiance and the Long Wait for Change

Even after the revolution’s suppression, the flame of resistance flickered quietly. Supporters of the revolution carved the letters “MÚK” into their ID cards—short for “Márciusban újra kezdjük!” (“In March, we shall start over again!”). Though no new uprising materialized, the slogan captured a deep national yearning for freedom that would never fully fade.

A few scattered partisan groups, such as the “Mecsek Invisibles” in southern Hungary, continued their fight until spring 1957, but they too were eventually captured. By May 1, 1957, tens of thousands marched in state-orchestrated parades in support of the Kádár regime—a grim symbol of submission after months of terror. Hungary had been silenced.

Yet, even as the regime consolidated its rule, the spirit of 1956 survived in the hearts of the people. It would take another three decades for Hungary to reclaim its freedom, but the memory of those who fought—those who refused to bow—remained alive.

Legacy of the 56′ uprising

The Hungarian Uprising of 1956 was more than a failed revolution—it was a declaration of national dignity. For one brief autumn, Hungary stood against one of the most powerful empires in history and demanded freedom, democracy, and independence. Though crushed, the revolution shook the Soviet bloc to its core and inspired generations to come.

As the years passed, the words whispered across the nation still held their power:

“Márciusban újra kezdjük.”

photo: Fortepan